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- <text id=90TT2330>
- <title>
- Sep. 03, 1990: Splendor In The Grass
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
- Sep. 03, 1990 Are We Ready For This?
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- NATURE, Page 78
- Splendor in the Grass
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>A new book by noted entomologists looks to the ant for
- behavior's roots and discovers the iron laws of the
- superorganism
- </p>
- <p>By R.Z. Sheppard
- </p>
- <p> Here are a few things to keep in mind the next time ants
- show up in the potato salad. The 8,800 known species of the
- family Formicidae make up from 10% to 15% of the world's animal
- biomass, the total weight of all fauna. They are the most
- dominant social insect in the world, found almost everywhere
- except in the polar regions. Ants turn more soil than
- earthworms; they prune, weed and police most of the earth's
- carrion. Among the most gregarious of creatures, they are
- equipped with a sophisticated chemical communications system.
- To appreciate the strength and speed of this pesky
- invertebrate, consider that a leaf cutter the size of a man
- could run repeated four-minute miles while carrying 750 lbs.
- of potato salad.
- </p>
- <p> Or nearly 100 copies of The Ants by Bert Holldobler and
- Edward O. Wilson. Published by Harvard University Press, the
- hefty volume is the result of 20 years of collaborative field
- and laboratory studies by Holldobler and his better-known
- Harvard colleague. For Wilson, 61, one of the school's most
- popular professors and curator of entomology at its Museum of
- Comparative Zoology, the book represents another exploration
- into the controversial field of sociobiology, a discipline he
- founded to study the "biological basis of social behavior."
- </p>
- <p> When this seemingly innocuous phrase appeared in Wilson's
- 1975 book Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, it set off alarm
- bells as surely as ant pheromones trigger the defense
- mechanisms of a threatened colony. Critics scrambled out of the
- corners of the academy to attack Wilson's ideas as dangerously
- deterministic. To suggest, as he did, that human actions were
- more hard-wired than generally believed threatened to upset the
- balance of nurture so carefully guarded by those who held that
- environment, not heredity, shaped behavior.
- </p>
- <p> Wilson, a tall, lanky scholar with a disarmingly casual
- manner, responded with dismay. He argued forcefully that many
- critics did not bother to read all of Sociobiology, which did
- not junk free will and environmental influences but only
- modified them. "On the basis of objective evidence," he wrote,
- "the truth appears to lie somewhere in between, closer to the
- environmentalist than to the genetic pole."
- </p>
- <p> Molecular biologists and researchers in brain chemistry were
- already challenging the nurturist doctrine long held by
- psychologists and social scientists. In a 1979 lecture on
- comparative social theory, Wilson framed the issue much the way
- Galileo might have when talking to an audience that still
- thought the sun revolved around the earth. "To be
- anthropocentric," he said, "is to remain unaware of the limits
- of human nature, the significance of biological processes
- underlying human behavior, and the deeper meaning of long-term
- genetic evolution."
- </p>
- <p> Despite resistance, sociobiology has been absorbed into the
- scientific mainstream, and Wilson's spadework in the fields of
- entomology and island biogeography has passed rigorous peer
- review. His book On Human Nature won a Pulitzer Prize in 1979,
- and this year he shared the Crafoord Prize with population
- biologist Paul Ehrlich of Stanford. The Royal Swedish Academy
- of Sciences administers the $240,000 award, established to
- recognize areas not covered by the Nobel Prizes.
- </p>
- <p> The Ants is not only another milestone in a remarkable
- career but also a high point in crossover publishing. For the
- specialist, Holldobler and Wilson bring elegance and order to
- a complex subject. For the curious layman, there is a glimpse
- into the workings of evolution. Charles Darwin called it the
- tangled bank, a bucolic metaphor suited to his time and place.
- Today researchers see deeper into the diversity. "Mammals join
- societies as a means of furthering individual survival and
- reproduction," says Wilson. "Ants have arranged their social
- life so that the unit of survival is the colony." An ant is not
- an individual in the usual sense. Its life has no meaning apart
- from its colony, a superorganism that Wilson defines as "a
- sisterhood devoted to the survival of the queen." In
- sociobiological terms, males are sperm carriers tolerated only
- as inseminators of virgin queens. When ants go to war, Wilson
- points out, they enlist their old ladies, not their young
- males.
- </p>
- <p> To a humanist, the ant superorganism is ruthless; biologists
- see it as efficient and cost-effective. A mechanism of this
- economy is altruism, which loses its noble meaning when applied
- to social insects. Ants are selfless only in the sense that
- they are genetically programmed to sacrifice themselves for the
- good of the colony. Their fates take startling forms. There are
- suicidal warriors, for example, that explode in the faces of
- their enemies, delivering toxic payloads.
- </p>
- <p> Wilson gives a definition of altruism linked to a theory of
- kin selection. Simply put, the closer the genetic similarity
- between organisms, the greater the altruism. Admittedly,
- altruism is far more predictable in ants than in human beings,
- who lapse into fratricide and civil wars.
- </p>
- <p> Sociobiology may not come close to clearing away all the
- mysteries of human behavior, but the discipline is a view from
- Darwin's shoulders, offering invaluable insights into the
- genetic roots of behavior. Unfortunately, many of these
- insights may never be gained. As Homo sapiens multiplies and
- forages like army ants, Wilson has grown alarmed about the
- millions of plant and animal species that are disappearing in
- civilization's path. Thirty years ago, he witnessed the
- beginnings of mass deforestation in the Amazon. Ten years ago,
- he became an active conservationist, with a touch of the
- ecological poet. Destroying rain forest for economic gain,
- Wilson now says, "is like burning a Renaissance painting to
- cook a meal." If there is a gene for vivid imagery, future
- scientists should know where to look for it.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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